International Scientific Journal of UNPAZ Timor-Leste
International Scientific Journal of UNPAZ Timor-Leste (ISJUTL) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal published by Universidade da Paz. Indexed by Crossref, Google Scholar, Scopus, Copernicus, Thomson Reuters, and Microsoft Academic Search. ISJUTL invites original and review articles on various issues within Basic and Applied Science, which include but are not limited to: Economy & Business Public Health Medical Science Social Science & Humanities Engineering Science of Law Agriculture Technology Forestry Science Educational Science Graduate Program for Master & Doctoral Program Manuscripts must be submitted in English with IMRAD style. Please note that Introduction, Methodology, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, Reference, Appendix (optional) should be organized into separate chapters Manuscript files should be in DOCX format. Manuscripts can consist of 5-7 pages, include Reference and Appendix, using figures and tables effectively. please used single-space, single column, and max 3 level heading in your manuscripts.
License Terms for the International Scientific Journal of UNPAZ Timor-Leste (ISJUTL) The International Scientific Journal of UNPAZ Timor-Leste (ISJUTL) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal that publishes original research and review articles across various fields of Basic and Applied Science. As an open-access journal, it is essential to understand the licensing terms under which articles are published to ensure compliance and respect for intellectual property rights. This document will outline the key aspects of the licensing terms relevant to authors, readers, and institutions. Licensing Framework Open Access Licensing ISJUTL adopts an open-access model, allowing unrestricted access to its articles. This model typically involves the use of specific licenses that enable readers to freely access, download, and share published articles while maintaining the authors' rights. The most common licenses used in open-access publishing include: Creative Commons (CC) Licenses: These licenses allow authors to retain copyright while granting users certain rights. The specific type of CC license used by ISJUTL will dictate how others can use the published content. Common Types of Creative Commons Licenses: CC BY (Attribution): Allows others to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the work, even commercially, as long as they credit the original creation. CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial): Similar to CC BY but restricts use to non-commercial purposes only. CC BY-SA (Attribution-ShareAlike): Allows for adaptations of the work, even for commercial purposes, as long as others distribute their contributions under the same license. Author Rights Under the open-access model, authors typically retain significant rights over their work, which may include: The right to use their work for teaching, research, and other scholarly purposes. The right to share the work on personal or institutional repositories. The right to create derivative works (subject to the terms of the chosen license). Submission and Publication Terms Authors submitting to ISJUTL must agree to the journal's submission guidelines and publication terms, which generally include: Peer Review Process: All submissions will undergo a rigorous peer review to ensure the quality and relevance of the research. Originality: Authors must confirm that their work is original and has not been published elsewhere. Ethical Compliance: Authors must adhere to ethical standards in research and publication, including proper citation and acknowledgment of sources. Copyright Transfer Agreement Upon acceptance of an article, authors may be required to sign a copyright transfer agreement. This agreement typically allows the journal to publish and distribute the article under the specified license terms while retaining the authors' rights to share and use their work as outlined above. Compliance and Best Practices For Authors Understand the License: Authors should carefully review the specific license under which their work will be published to ensure they are comfortable with the permissions granted and restrictions imposed. Maintain Records: Keep records of all correspondence with the journal and any agreements signed, as these may be necessary for future reference or disputes. Promote Your Work: Utilize personal and institutional repositories to share your work while respecting the license terms. For Readers Respect Licensing Terms: Readers should familiarize themselves with the licensing terms associated with each article. Proper attribution and adherence to the license restrictions are crucial. Use Responsibly: When using or sharing articles, ensure that any modifications or adaptations are in compliance with the licensing agreement. For Institutions Support Open Access: Institutions should encourage faculty and researchers to publish in open-access journals, providing necessary resources and guidance on compliance with licensing terms. Educate on Rights and Responsibilities: Institutions should provide training and resources regarding copyright, licensing, and ethical publishing practices.
The Policy Ministry of Health Make Changes Health System Law, Based on Timor-Leste Law. Nu 10/2004
This research examines the persistent gap between national health governance frameworks, established by Law No. 10/2004, and their on-ground implementation. It investigates how regulatory fragmentation, weak coordination, and bureaucratic resistance impede effective enforcement of health standards. The study aims to identify root causes of implementation failures by analyzing policy direction and legislative accountability within the Ministry of Health, ultimately seeking to align legislative principles with practical enforcement for improved public health outcomes. The enactment of Law No. 10/2004 serves as a foundational pillar for national health governance, yet persistent discrepancies between regulatory frameworks and on-ground implementation have hindered the optimization of public health services. Despite this legislative foundation, challenges such as regulatory fragmentation, weak inter-agency coordination, and bureaucratic resistance continue to impede the effective enforcement of national health administrative standards. Consequently, this research aims to identify the root causes of these implementation failures by evaluating the political direction of health policies and their alignment with national. Furthermore, this investigation emphasizes the urgency of assessing legislative accountability within the Ministry, given that legislative gaps often lead to suboptimal healthcare management and governance. By synthesizing these legal challenges, this study addresses the critical need to align legislative principles with practical enforcement, ensuring that administrative procedures remain consistent with the broader national interest. This evaluation is particularly vital as recent legislative shifts in the health sector have faced persistent criticism regarding the lack of deliberative inclusiveness and the potential erosion of oversight mechanisms. addressing these vulnerabilities is essential to mitigate the risks associated with jurisdictional conflicts and the marginalization of independent professional bodies. To achieve this, the analysis shifts focus toward the mechanisms governing the policy cycle, where the transition from legislative formulation to operational implementation remains a persistent hurdle for sustainable health administration. By utilizing the ROCCIPI framework, this study dissects the interplay between legal mandates and institutional behavior to determine why the Ministry of Health often faces difficulties in translating codified provisions into consistent public health outcomes. By identifying these systemic impediments, the study clarifies how the constitutional state responsibility to fulfill health rights is frequently compromised by operational and coordination failures.
Copyright (c) 2026 International Scientific Journal of UNPAZ Timor-Leste
The Impacts Of Macro Environmental Focus On Coffee Industry In Timor-Leste Sustainable Development Practices
This research investigated the macro environmental impacts of sustainable development practices within Timor-Leste’s coffee industry with an emphasis on smallholder coffee farmers in the highland region of Ermera. This study employed a quantitative descriptive research design with a structured and validated self-questionnaire administered to 376 coffee farmers in the region of Ermera. The instrument measured perceived economic-environmental impacts in terms of income stability, market access, production efficiency, and inadequate infrastructure, and measured perceived social-environmental impacts in terms of community empowerment, gender participation, access to training, and life well-being. This study formulated statistical tools such as frequency distribution, weighted mean, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and independent sample t-test to apply using SPSS to determine the differences in perception through demographic profiles
EFFICIENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STATE TIMOR-LESTE GENERAL FINANCIAL BUDGET (Case Study at the Directorate of National Budget of the Ministry of Finance)
This study aims to analyze the level of efficiency and effectiveness of the implementation of the state financial budget of Timor-Leste in general, focusing on the process of planning, allocation, and realization of the budget in the Budget of the Ministry of Finance. In particular, this study seeks to identify the extent to which budget resources are optimally utilized to achieve the outputs and outcomes that have been set in the state financial planning document, as well as examine the factors that support and hinder budget performance at the ministry level. The method used in this study is a quantitative descriptive method with a case study approach. Quantitative data were obtained from budget realization reports, annual budget documents, and performance reports of the National Budget Directorate during a specific research period, which were then analyzed using efficiency indicators (comparison between budget inputs and outputs produced) and effectiveness indicators (the level of achievement of budget targets and program targets). The analysis was complemented by qualitative data through the review of policy documents and limited interviews with relevant officials to gain contextual understanding. The results of the study show that the implementation of the budget in the Directorate of National Budget is generally in the category of quite efficient and quite effective, which is reflected in the relatively high level of budget realization and the achievement of most of the performance targets. The research also shows that in terms of the institutional framework and division of tasks, the Directorate of National Budget already has a structure and function that supports the achievement of efficiency and effectiveness in the implementation of the state budget. However, there are still challenges in terms of capacity, coordination, and data quality that need to be improved so that budget management performance is more optimal. This study also found that there are obstacles in planning that are not synchronized, delays in the implementation of activities, and supervision capacity that is not optimal, so that it is necessary to strengthen the performance-based planning system, improve the quality of human resources, and use information technology to support more integrated and sustainable budget monitoring and evaluation
Legal Review of Law Number 9 of 2016 Concerning the Election of Suco Council Candidates in Timor-Leste
The importance of examining the conformity of the regulations in Law Number 9 of 2016 with the principles of justice, democracy, and community participation is the main pillar in the national legal system that must be used as a reference in every public policy formulation, including in the arrangement of the Village Council elections. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of the legal norms regulated in Law Number 9 of 2016 is needed, in order to identify existing weaknesses and formulate rational and applicable solutions to improve the Village Council election system in the future. The method used is a normative juridical research method, with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The research data source consists of primary legal materials in the form of relevant laws and regulations, secondary legal materials in the form of literature and doctrines of experts, and tertiary legal materials as support for the analysis. The data obtained were then analyzed in a qualitative descriptive manner by examining the conformity of legal norms in Law Number 9 of 2016 to the principles of democratic and participatory law. The results of the study show that the regulation in Law Number 9 of 2016 concerning the election of the Village Council still has normative weaknesses, especially in the aspect of transparency and community representation. The provisions regarding the use of ballot cards without a photo of the candidate and candidacy carried out on election day, the second round of elections held at midnight after the counting is completed, have the potential to reduce information disclosure for voters and do not fully reflect the principles of fairness and public participation. Therefore, it is necessary to revise and improve legal norms so that the arrangement of the Village Council election can better guarantee the principles of justice, inclusiveness, and democracy as mandated in the constitution and applicable laws and regulations. This research contribute to the development of legal science, especially in the field of constitutional law and village government law, as well as provide constructive recommendations for policymakers in improving the village council election system in Timor-Leste. In addition, the results of this research are also expected to be a reference for the community and other stakeholders in understanding the importance of transparent, fair, and participatory Village Council election arrangements as part of efforts to realize democratic and socially just village governance.
Timor-Leste Farmers' Perspectives On Environmental Impacts Of Chemical Fertilizer Use In Agriculture
The main goals of the study are to find out how much farmers know about how using chemical fertilizers in farming affects the environment, what kinds of chemical fertilizers are used, how much farmers use them, and how often they use them in the study area, and to find out how farmers feel about the environmental effects of chemical fertilizer use, such as how it affects soil quality, water quality, and wildlife. The data was collected from 150 sample farmers in Ermera Municipality, Timor-Leste, using a stratified random sampling method through structured interviews using a pre-designed questionnaire. The study found varying levels of awareness among farmers regarding the environmental impacts of fertilizers. While a substantial number of farmers expressed concerns, some adopted proactive measures to mitigate these impacts. The types of fertilizers used, their application rates, and frequency were diverse, with a majority adhering to recommended practices. Farmers' perceptions of fertilizer impacts on soil quality, water quality, and ecosystems showed a range of opinions. These insights emphasize the need for tailored educational initiatives and sustainable farming practices to balance food security and environmental conservation in the region.
Ethics Professionalism as The Basis of Competence for Officials Public Service (Case Study in Civil Service)
This research analyzes ethics and professionalism in the Public Service with the objective of understanding how the competence of employees influences the quality of public services. This methodology uses descriptive qualitative methods to explore the principles of integrity, impartiality, transparency and accountability to manage abuses of power, discrimination and nepotism. Research results show that professionalism considers technical capacity, work attitude, discipline, effective communication and commitment to good work; evidence shows that technical competence alone is not sufficient without ethical integrity. The integration of ethics and professionalism is identified as complementary factors that determine the efficiency, effectiveness and trust of the people in state institutions. Monitoring mechanisms such as inspections, annual reports, public whistleblowing systems and disciplinary sanctions are important to prevent ethical violations and ensure accountability. Priority strategies to strengthen ethical culture include integrity leadership, continuous training, meritocracy, fair reward-sanction system and valuing citizen trust. It is recommended that strengthening ethics and professionalism in the public service is a prerequisite for good governance, legitimacy of the State and improving the quality of public services in Timor-Leste.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Scientific Journal of UNPAZ Timor-Leste
Capturing Substantial Truth Through Scientific Examination by the Polícia Científica e de Investigação Criminal (PCIC) on Evidence of Narcotics Crimes in The Laboratory
Law enforcement against narcotics crimes depends critically on accurate, objective, and scientifically grounded evidence. In Timor-Leste, however, the use of scientific evidence via forensic laboratories remains constrained by significant operational, technical, and institutional obstacles. This study examines the current practice and challenges of scientific examination of narcotics evidence by the Policia Científica de Investigação Criminal (PCIC) and develops a reconstructed model for an ideal forensic examination process tailored to the Timorese context. Using an empirical approach, the research investigates three core questions: (1) What procedures does the PCIC employ for scientific examination of narcotics evidence? (2) What principal challenges impede the PCIC’s forensic work? and (3) How can the forensic examination process be reconstituted to meet legal, scientific, and practical demands? Data were gathered through direct observation of laboratory workflows, structured interviews with PCIC personnel and relevant stakeholders, review of internal operating procedures and case files, and comparative analysis of regional and international forensic standards and best practices. Findings reveal that PCIC’s scientific examinations fulfill dual roles: providing evidentiary material for prosecutions and acting as a strategic mechanism to ensure substantive justice through impartial scientific fact-finding. The laboratory’s procedures encompass evidence receipt and chain-of-custody management, presumptive and confirmatory chemical analyses, physical and documentary examinations, documentation and reporting, and expert testimony. While procedural foundations exist, significant gaps reduce effectiveness: limited analytical capacity (specialized instrumentation and reagent shortages), human resource constraints (insufficiently trained analysts, high workload, retention issues), weaknesses in quality assurance and accreditation, logistical and infrastructure deficiencies (inadequate facilities, evidence storage, and security), fragmented interagency coordination, and insufficient legal/regulatory frameworks to govern forensic standards, admissibility, and independence.
Copyright (c) 2024 International Scientific Journal of UNPAZ Timor-Leste
The Function of Digitalization to Increase the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Public Service (Case Study in Dili Municipal Authority)
This study investigates how digitalization functions to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of public services within the Dili Municipal Authority. Motivated by global and regional efforts to modernize public administration, the research examines the implementation and impact of specific digital systems Portal Munisipal, Balkaun Uniku, and Baze Biometric on service delivery, transparency, accountability, and operational performance. The primary objective is to evaluate whether and how digital tools transform citizen access to services, reduce process time and manual workloads, and inform policy recommendations for broader municipal digital transformation. A mixed-methods case study approach was employed. Quantitative data were collected from municipal service records, system usage logs, and performance indicators (e.g., transaction processing times, service uptake rates) before and after system deployment. Qualitative data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with municipal officials, frontline staff, and service users, complemented by direct observation of service points and review of relevant policy documents. Triangulation of data sources supported validity and provided a nuanced understanding of technological, organizational and user-level factors shaping outcomes. The research findings such as The Portal Munisipal and Balkaun Uniku increased public access to service information and status tracking, leading to improved visibility of processes and reduced opportunities for informal practices. Automation and digital workflows reduced average processing times for many services, decreased reliance on physical queuing, and improved record-keeping accuracy. Baze Biometric improved identity verification speed and reduced errors in beneficiary identification. The benefits of digital systems were constrained by limited staff competence in information systems and digital tools. Training gaps and resistance to change affected optimal utilization of technologies. The digital divide characterized by limited internet access, inadequate devices, and intermittent power and connectivity in remote and peri-urban areas restricted citizen uptake and prevented full migration from manual to digital procedures. Certain processes (e.g., document collection, specific payment channels) continue to rely on offline mechanisms, reflecting regulatory, technical, and cultural barriers to end-to-end digitalization.
The Influence of Auditor Competence and Auditor Experience on Audit Quality With Auditor Ethics as a Moderation Variable(Study at the Inspecção Geral do Estado, Dili, Timor-Leste)
This study investigates the effects of auditor competency and auditor experience on audit quality, and examines whether auditor ethics moderates these relationships. Conducted at the Inspecção Geral do Estado (IGE) Office in Dili, Timor-Leste, the research employed a purposive sample of 36 auditors drawn from a population of 50. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire and analyzed using Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). Findings indicate that both auditor competency and auditor experience exert positive and statistically significant partial effects on audit quality within the IGE. Specifically, higher levels of professional knowledge, technical skills, and adherence to auditing standards (competency), together with greater practical exposure and tenure in audit practice (experience), are associated with improved audit outcomes in terms of accuracy, reliability, and compliance. Additionally, auditor ethics functions as a significant moderator: strong ethical standards among auditors amplify the positive impacts of both competency and experience on audit quality. In settings where ethical commitment is high, the contribution of competency and experience to audit quality is notably enhanced; conversely, weaker ethical standards diminish these benefits. The study contributes to audit literature by empirically demonstrating the joint importance of technical capability, practical experience, and ethical behavior for public-sector audit quality in a small-state context. For practice and policy, the results recommend sustained investments in auditor training and career development, reinforced ethical code enforcement, and ethics-integrated professional development programs to maximize audit quality. Limitations include a small, single-office sample and cross-sectional design; future research should replicate the model across larger and more diverse public-sector audit environments and consider longitudinal approaches
The Effect of Using Coffee Pulp Compost and EM-4 Dosage on the Growth of Arabica Coffee Seedlings (Coffea arabica L.)
Coffee processing generates substantial quantities of coffee pulp, a wet organic residue that, if improperly managed, causes environmental problems including nutrient leaching, methane emissions, and water contamination. Conversely, coffee pulp represents a potentially valuable organic amendment when converted to stable compost. Composting can return nutrients and organic matter to cropping systems, improve soil health, and reduce the environmental footprint of coffee production. Coffee pulp waste from Ermera Municipality, Timor-Leste, represents both an environmental burden and a locally abundant organic resource. This research aimed to evaluated the synergistic effects of coffee pulp compost and Effective Microorganism-4 (EM-4) on the growth of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) seedlings under nursery conditions. Using a completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors coffee pulp compost dosage (K1: 100 g, K2: 200 g, K3: 300 g per polybag) and EM-4 dosage (M1: 10 ml, M2: 20 ml, M3: 30 ml per polybag) nine treatment combinations were tested with four replications each (36 experimental units). Effective Microorganism-4 (EM-4), a mixed inoculant of beneficial bacteria, yeasts, and lactic acid bacteria, is promoted to accelerate organic matter decomposition, suppress pathogens, and enhance nutrient mineralization. Synergizing composted coffee pulp with EM-4 may enhance compost maturity, nutrient availability, and ultimately plant growth. However, optimal doses for nursery production of Arabica seedlings remain under-studied, particularly under the specific agroecological conditions of Ermera. Growth parameters recorded weekly over 16 weeks after planting (WAP) included plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, and fresh biomass. Analysis of variance revealed a highly significant interaction (p < 0.01) between compost and EM-4 on all measured growth parameters. The combination K1M1 (100 g compost + 10 ml EM-4) produced the most consistent and robust seedling performance across variables, notably achieving the largest mean stem diameter (2.77 cm) at 16 WAP. While K1M3 (100 g + 30 ml EM-4) yielded the maximal plant height (14.875 cm), higher combined doses such as K3M3 (300 g + 30 ml) produced inhibitory effects on seedling growth. Results indicate that moderate application rates of well-decomposed coffee pulp compost enhanced with low-dose EM-4 optimize early seedling development; excessive amounts of either input can suppress growth. The study recommends integrating 100 g of matured coffee pulp compost with 10 ml of EM-4 per polybag as a practical, low-cost protocol for Arabica coffee nurseries in Ermera to transform coffee processing waste into high-quality planting material and to contribute to sustainable circularity in local coffee systems.
Timor-Leste Public Administration in the Age of Populism, Poly-Crisis, and Technological Transformation as Dilemmas, Dynamics and Directions
This research investigates how contemporary global and domestic forces notably rising populism, intersecting crises (economic, health, environmental, and security), and rapid technological change shape the governance and public administration system of Timor-Leste. While prior work has examined populism’s impact on public administration or analyzed decentralization dynamics following independence, there has been limited integrative study of how populism, multiple simultaneous crises (“poly-crisis”), and digital/technological transformation interact to influence administrative capacity, policy direction, service delivery, and democratic governance in Timor-Leste. Methodologically, the study synthesizes qualitative and quantitative evidence from government documents, reform evaluations, public expenditure and service-delivery datasets, media and political discourse analysis, and comparative lessons from similar small, post-conflict states. It examines structural features of Timor-Leste’s public administration centralized decision-making legacies, nascent bureaucratic professionalization, donor dependence, limited fiscal space, and evolving decentralization arrangements and situates these within contemporary pressures: populist political rhetoric and personalization of politics; systemic risks from climate change, commodity-dependence, and public-health shocks; and the disruptive potential of digital technologies for governance, transparency, and citizen engagement. The finding shown that the populist dynamics in Timor-Leste manifest as leadership personalization, anti-elite narratives, and short-termist policy signaling, which can undermine institutional norms, politicize bureaucracy, and distort resource allocation. Poly-crisis exposure amplifies governance stress points constrained fiscal buffers, fragile service-delivery systems (health, education, water), and administrative capacity gaps reduce the state’s ability to anticipate, absorb, and adapt to shocks. Technological transformation offers both opportunities and risks digital tools can enhance transparency, streamline processes, and expand citizen participation, yet uneven digital literacy, infrastructure deficits, and weak data governance create exclusionary outcomes and risks of surveillance or misuse. Interactions among these forces generate compounded dilemmas: populist short-termism can impede investment in long-term resilience; crisis-driven emergency powers can erode checks-and-balances; and rapid technology adoption without governance safeguards can worsen inequalities and decrease public trust.
Proportion of Incidence, Diagnosis, and Management of Acute Respiratory Infections at the Three Community Health Centers, In Baucau Municipality, Year 2024.
This report presents a comprehensive analysis of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) incidence, diagnostic classification, and management practices across three primary health centers (CS Tirilolo, CS Uailili, and CS Bucoli) in Baucau Municipality, Timor-Leste, based on retrospective data from 2025. The study sampled 283 ARI cases (Tirilolo n=92, Uailili n=95, Bucoli n=96) drawn from a total of 25,640 health center visits in 2025. The result shoen the Overall ARI represented 22% of all visits in the three centers. Distribution by diagnosis among sampled ARI cases: 46% cough/no pneumonia, 39% pneumonia, 15% severe pneumonia, Most patients were children under five; caregivers were predominantly female with low educational attainment and farming occupations. ARI burden varied markedly by center, with CS Bucoli showing the highest burden (62% ARI proportion among visits) and higher proportions of pneumonia/severe pneumonia. Management adherence to WHO and national Timor-Leste guidelines was reported at 100% across the sampled cases, including appropriate antibiotic use and timely referral for severe pneumonia. The analysis identifies socio-economic and environmental determinants household solid fuel use, poor ventilation, caregiver education, and occupation-linked exposures as likely contributors to spatial variation in ARI burden and severity. While clinical management at facility level followed guidelines in the sampled cases, gaps remain in upstream prevention, community-level early detection, oxygen access scale-up, supply chain resilience for essential medicines, and tailored environmental health interventions. The recommendations for targeted programmatic actions: prioritized community health education, strengthened integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) and referral pathways, improved oxygen systems and essential medicine supply at primary centers, focused interventions in high-burden subdistricts (notably Bucoli), and multisectoral environmental risk reduction (household energy transition, ventilation improvements, air quality monitoring).
Analysis of Sociodemographic Factors, Dietary Patterns, ANC With Primigravida Nutritional Status in Centru Saúde Comunitaria Comoro, Municipio Dili Year 2025
This research aim to explores factors associated with the nutritional status of primigravida. Utilizing a quantitative analytical method with a cross-sectional approach, the study sampled 94 primigravida pregnant women. Data analysis was conducted using chi-square tests with SPSS 22.0. The main findings indicate that income and diet significantly influence the nutritional status of primigravida pregnant women (p-value 0.000), while health service (ANC) factors do not directly influence nutritional status. These statement provide evidence thriug primigravida mothers, were malnourished. Family income and diet strongly influence nutritional status, Frequency of ANC visits did not significantly affect nutritional status. As an recommedation the Ministry of Health of Timor-Leste to improve family-based nutrition interventions, integrated national nutrition education, economic-nutrition integration in ANC programs, and monitoring and evaluation of the nutritional status of pregnant women
The Small and Medium Enterprises in Dili, Timor-Leste, From The Perspective Of Business Stakeholders Basis For Government Policies On Business Operations Program
The study aims to explore the views of business stakeholders regarding government policy on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) operations in Dili, Timor-Leste. The study applied a quantitative-descriptive research design, and the data were gathered based on 167 SME stakeholders of the retail sector, manufacturing, and service sectors, using a validated and designed questionnaire. In this research, descriptive statistics were used, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and the post hoc tests to identify differences among stakeholders' views on the basis of their business profiles. SPSS was also used to provide statistical analysis. The analysis of the data revealed that the majority of enterprises in Dili are sole proprietorships made up of small firms with a limited workforce capacity, and the owners of small and medium enterprises in Dili have moderate to high educational attainment. The study also found that most of the small and medium enterprises in Dili are moderately satisfied with the government support program; however, for the bureaucratic procedures, delays in releasing funds remain a challenge. The other challenges found in the study are Limited financial options, inconsistent utilities, a shortage of skilled labor, poor market conditions, and regulatory inefficiencies. For the majority of SMEs in Dili, when managing their operations for each day rely on implementing strategies such as digital adoption, product innovation, and attending training programs. However, long-term capacity-building investment remains scant. Variations in challenges and strategies that walls learn about through business size, type, and industry. The findings emphasise the need for flexible assistance to small and medium enterprises in Dili. Policy reform, regulation simplification, and capacity building program are crucial for encouraging the productivity of small and medium enterprises.
Analysis of Leadership Capacity to Motivate Employees to Perform Public Services Well (Case Study in Ministry of Social Solidarity and Inclusion (MSSI) Dili Timor-Leste
This research explores the role of sustainable farming methods in minimizing climate change effects on vegetable production in Aileu Vila, Timor-Leste. Conducted between October and November 2024, it assesses approaches like crop diversification, organic farming, agroforestry, and water conservation to enhance resilience against shifting rainfall patterns, temperature changes, and extreme weather. Through field observations, farmer interviews, and data analysis, the study identifies major challenges, including limited resources, inadequate infrastructure, and a lack of technical knowledge. Results indicate that while sustainable practices boost productivity and resilience, their adoption remains constrained by high costs, restricted financial access, and insufficient support systems. Overcoming these obstacles through improved resource availability, capacity-building programs, and supportive policies is essential for broader implementation. This study offers valuable insights for policymakers, NGOs, and local stakeholders aiming to strengthen sustainable agriculture in Timor-Leste, ensuring food security and climate adaptation in the long term.
Analysis of Health Policy Implementation, Availability of Health Human Resources, and Management of Nutrition Data to Improve the Problem of Malnutrition for Children aged under 5 years in Aileu Health Service, Timor-Leste, 2025
Timor-Leste has made a substantial political commitment to enhancing nutrition since gaining independence, as articulated in various national strategic policy documents. Despite these efforts, malnutrition remains a significant issue, affecting 47.1% of the population. This study aims to assess the implementation of health policies, the availability of human resources, and the management of nutritional data to address malnutrition. Utilizing a quantitative analytical method with a cross-sectional approach, the study sampled 116 health professionals from four health centers through saturated sampling, ensuring the research instrument's validity and reliability. Data analysis was conducted using chi-square tests with SPSS 22.0. Key findings reveal that the implementation of health policies, the availability of health human resources, and effective nutrition data management have all significantly influenced the improvement of malnutrition in children under five years old, with each aspect yielding a p-value of 0.000. The results underscore the necessity for the Ministry of Health to provide regular training for professionals to sustain nutrition programs and data management. Additionally, it is recommended that Municipal Health Services monitor health centers to ensure adherence to standard operating procedures (SOPs) and effectively tackle malnutrition issues.
Implementation of Human Resource Management to Enhance Public Servant Performance, (Case study in CFP Public Service Commission)
This study examines the implementation of human resource management (HRM) practices and their impact on the performance of civil servants within the Public Service Commission (PSC) of Timor-Leste. Using a qualitative, descriptive approach, the research collected data through observation, interviews, and document review. Key informants included the Head of Payroll Processing, a Human Resources Officer, and five permanent employees (seven respondents in total). Data were analyzed following the interactive model of Miles and Huberman (2017). Findings indicate that HRM implementation at the PSC is generally effective: recruitment follows a merit-based system, and employees receive training that supports capacity building. However, several challenges persist, including overly generic performance evaluation criteria, lengthy and largely electronic general-regime training, and extended timelines for grade promotions. The study concludes that HRM at the PSC is rooted in the Public Service Law No. 8/2004 and its provisions (notably Article 40) emphasizing integrity, diligence, attendance, and professionalism. Overall, HRM activities planning, recruitment, selection, training, performance management, and reform contribute to a more professional, impartial, and merit-based public service, though targeted improvements are needed to address evaluation specificity, training modalities, and promotion processes. The Public Service Commission of Timor-Leste has made substantive progress in implementing human resource management practices that support a merit-based, professional public service. Recruitment and training efforts positively influence civil servant performance. Nevertheless, addressing weaknesses in performance appraisal specificity, training delivery, and promotion timelines will be critical to further enhance effectiveness and employee motivation. As an recommendations mentioned above revising evaluation frameworks, optimizing training, streamlining promotions, leveraging HRIS, reinforcing merit principles, and institutionalizing monitoring the PSC can strengthen HRM outcomes and ensure a transparent, efficient, and accountable civil service.
INFLUENCE OF WORK ENVIRONMENT AND MOTIVATION OF THE WORK PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC SERVANTS IN THE PRESIDENT’S OFFICE OF THE MUNICIPAL AUTHORITY (PAM) DILI, TIMOR-LESTE
This study examined the influence of the work environment and motivation of the employee performance at Dili Municipal Authority, Timor-Leste. Using the quantitative method for data analysis and interpretation. As an saturated sample (census) of 86 employees (out of a population of 591) was used. Data was collected via questionnaires and analyzed using multiple linear regression and the t-test. As an result of this research the strong relationship indicated by the correlation coefficient R of 0.717 and the coefficient of determination R2 of 0.514 as discussed previously, it can be considered highly probable that the work environment and motivation exert a substantial influence on employee performance at the Dili Municipal Authority. The magnitude of R2, which shows that 51.4% of employee performance variance is attributable to the joint influence of work environment and motivation, suggests that these two variables are not only relevant but indeed pivotal in shaping overall performance outcomes. This significant proportion implies that improvements in the quality of the work environment as well as the enhancement of employee motivation would likely yield tangible, positive advancements in work results, as reinforced by the statistically significant t-test findings for both variables. The remaining 48.6% of variance explained by factors outside the present model indicates that while the predicted influence is strong, it is important to recognize that the effect is not absolute and there remain conceivable limitations and negative possibilities. Therefore, while the empirical evidence points to a predominantly positive and substantial possible effect of work environment and motivation on employee performance, the potential for both positive and negative outcomes exists, strongly depending on the dynamic interplay among multiple organizational factors and the broader context in which public servants operate.
Strategic Analysis and Effectiveness of the Implementation of the Digital Recruitment System for F-FDTL in Timor-Leste (Case study at the Quartel General F-FDTL)
This research aims to assess the strategy and effectiveness of the implementation of the digital recruitment system in the F-FDTL, to emphasize in the Falintil Framework provides a practical understanding of how the digital recruitment system can respond to efficiency and effectiveness, and how policies and practices should be adjusted to ensure the selection of qualified candidates with transparent and fair procedures. Digital recruitment in the F-FDTL should take into account institutional and socio-cultural techniques. The successful implementation of leadership commits investment in infrastructure and training, inter-sector coordination, continuous evaluation mechanisms to ensure the sustainability and relevance of the recruitment process to the strategic needs of the F-FDTL. The methodology used is qualitative through case studies, document analysis, interviews with informants out and monitoring the implementation of the digital recruitment process. As a result of this research, in the digital era, military organizations including the F-FDTL need to adapt the recruitment system to modern demand. Digital recruitment proposes effective efficiency, fair and cost responses, while traditional recruitment is well-infected such as bureaucracy, lack of technological access in remote areas and poor coordination between relevant parties including recruitment strategies should also include aspects of administrative planning, organizational training, positioning and perspective with decision-making on digital worship. Organizational strategists need to consider resource allocation with future guidance. In the context of the F-FDTL, digital recruitment can offer competitive advantages of adaptation to external change. The effectiveness of the system measures the system to achieve strategic goals and social impacts that support the continuity of the organization. Processes include planning, platform development, community disclosure and online registration of candidates with supporting documents. Implementation infects problems such as lack of infrastructure in remote areas, limited internal capacity, in-institusional communication is not optimal with suppliers and cultural exchange resistance. As a discovery, the digital system can increase efficiency, transparency and accuracy in the selection of documents. Provide benefits to reducing bureaucracy and improving information acquisition. Against challenges include lack of infrastructure in the field, limited technical capacity and internal resistance. Successful implementation requires committed leadership, detailed planning, continuous training and continuous evaluation mechanisms.
Natalina Maria Teodora Transição Guterres
The Dual Chinese Presence in Timor-Leste With Historical Diaspora, Geopolitical Strategy, and the Dynamics of Strategic Autonomy (10th Century–Present)
The Chinese presence in the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (TL) is defined by a significant historical and cultural dichotomy: the long-established Hakka diaspora, known as the Cina Timor, and a focused, state-driven geopolitical strategy executed by the People’s Republic of China (PRC) post-2002. The PRC successfully leveraged early diplomatic recognition and prompt, strategically targeted aid specifically high-visibility state infrastructure projects (the "Architecture of Soft Power") to secure core political alignment, most notably Timor-Leste’s firm adherence to the One-China principle. The People’s Republic of China (PRC) influence is visibly concentrated in national infrastructure, including the Presidential Palace and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and is strategically positioned to penetrate the critical energy industry, exemplified by ongoing consultations with state-owned enterprises (SOEs) like Sinopec regarding the Greater Sunrise gas field. While Timor-Leste demonstrates sophisticated strategic autonomy by refusing sensitive Chinese military advances, the nation faces severe developmental challenges and an impending fiscal cliff. This fiscal vulnerability introduces a high strategic risk: the necessary massive capital investment in Greater Sunrise could compel Dili to accept non-concessional PRC financing, potentially shifting its stable debt profile toward high-leverage bilateral debt and jeopardizing long-term fiscal independence.
THE FUNCTION OF DIGITALIZATION TO RAISE THE QUALITY OF PUBLIC SERVICES IN THE SYSTEM GOVERNANCE ADMINISTRATION
This study examines the role of digitalization in enhancing the quality of public services within the government administration system at DNSRN-MJ in Timor-Leste. Employing a case study design and descriptive qualitative methodology, the research investigates the gap between ideal and actual conditions encountered during the institution’s digitalization efforts. Data collection and analysis focused on factors influencing service quality and barriers obstructing digital transformation. Findings indicate that inadequate and insecure public facilities, limited supporting infrastructure, constrained government budgets, and employee resistance to system change are primary impediments to effective digitalization at DNSRN-MJ. These constraints underscore the need for comprehensive interventions, including strengthening ICT infrastructure, enhancing human resource capacity, formulating enabling policies and regulations, and conducting outreach and training for both civil servants and the public to foster acceptance and effective use of digital services. The study concludes that digitalization is a strategic imperative for DNSRN-MJ but requires targeted investments and coordinated policy measures to achieve meaningful improvements in service delivery. The research offers actionable insights for policymakers and stakeholders, serving as an evidence base to guide future strategies aimed at advancing public-service digital transformation in Timor-Leste.
Bureaucratic Ethics in Public Service and Correlation and Interrelationship Between Ethics and Public Service and Bureaucracy
This research analyzes the interrelationship between ethics and bureaucracy in the public service, focusing on the DNTT service in Dili. The main objective is to provide an understanding of the continuity and conflict between ethical principles (integrity, impartiality, accountability) and bureaucratic practice, and thus the consequences for public trust, service effectiveness, and fair consideration. Qualitative methodology using semi-structured interviews with DNTT staff, focus groups with citizens, and document analysis. The results discovered are a lack of transparency, complicated bureaucratic processes, indications of favoritism and discrimination, and negative results for public perception. The discussion provides practical recommendations for institutional change-making according to the ethical paradigm, including continuous training, monitoring mechanisms, simplification of procedures, and public feedback mechanisms. The conclusion underlines that ethics is the foundation for strengthening the public service and recommends that future studies be conducted in other directions.
ANALYSIS INCOME OF OYSTER MUSHROOM PRODUCTION IN FATUQUERO VILLAGE POST ADMINISTRATIVE RAILACO ERMERA MUNICIPALITY
Forests are natural resources that can be utilized for human welfare because they can contribute quite a lot of natural products to the country. Apart from that, forests can be used by communities around the forest as a source of meeting their daily needs, both in the form of wood and non-wood. Therefore, one of the benefits of non-timber forest products is white oyster mushrooms which usually grow in the rainy season from rotten wood so that the community makes materials in the form of sawdust and uses agricultural waste as an alternative material for the growth and production of good quality white oyster mushrooms. Oyster mushrooms have a fairly high vegetable protein content, comparable carbohydrates, and a lower fat content than meat but have an economical price like other vegetables. The development of mushroom agribusiness has greatly encouraged mushroom farming in Ermera, both the development of the types of mushrooms consumed and the development of cultivation which has encouraged the expansion of production land. The interesting thing about mushroom cultivation is the bright economic aspect because it does not require large areas of land, the growing medium is agricultural industry waste which is easy to obtain and the production results are also able to compete with other agricultural commodities. The objective of this research is to know about the motivation of producers for the production of white oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus), the investment cost of producers for production and the company's inputs and outputs for production. The methodology used in this practice is the descriptive analysis method such as observation conducted directly to collect data in the field, interview is the method of data collection in the form of a list of questions according to systematic, documentation method as a technique of data collection through primary data and secondary data appointment with documents. Through the results of the summary of primary data shows that in the period of mushroom production in 2018-2023 obtained very significant results with its budget balance of $ 12,500, and the period of 2019, $ 7,500.00, Period 2020 with the amount of $ 2,000, Period $ 2021. 4,186.00, Period 2022 $ 43,325.00 and finally the period 2023 with its budget balance $ 1,159.10. which means that R/C values greater than >1 are favorable tree breeding activities for the Fatuquero community.
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE PRATICES WITH ALTERNATIVES BASED ON POLYCULTURE COFFEE PLANTATION ON DRY LANDS FARM IN RIVER FLOW AREA IN ERMERA OF MUNICIPALITY
This study assesses the effects of sustainable coffee-based polyculture on productivity, environmental health, and farmer resilience in the dryland watersheds of Ermera. Using a mixed-methods approach random sampling of 150 farmers, structured surveys and interviews, and quantitative analysis in Excel and SPSS—the research compares polyculture systems (coffee intercropped with shade species such as bananas and avocados) against coffee monoculture under dryland conditions. Findings indicate that polyculture significantly improves land-use efficiency, crop productivity, soil moisture retention, erosion control, and on-farm biodiversity, while enhancing household income and food security. These ecological and socioeconomic gains align with agroecological principles and contribute to improved watershed management. Major constraints to wider adoption include limited farmer technical knowledge and weak institutional support. To realize the full potential of coffee-based polyculture, the study recommends targeted extension services and regular capacity-building, policies and incentives favoring agroecological practices and market access, strengthened farmer cooperatives, improved access to finance for smallholders, and continued research and monitoring to adapt models to local contexts and evaluate long-term impacts. With coordinated technical assistance and policy backing, coffee-based polyculture in Ermera’s dryland watersheds offers a viable, scalable pathway to sustainable agriculture, ecosystem conservation, and enhanced rural livelihoods.
Dr. Domingos Cairesi Bendito Beremau Gomes
THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN COFFEE PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES INLIHU VILLAGE, RAILACO SUB-DISTRICT, TIMOR-LESTE
This study explores the multifaceted roles of women in coffee production in Lihu Village, Railaco Sub-District, Timor-Leste, from planting to marketing. Using a qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews involving 82 women, the research highlights their demographic profiles, engagement in different production stages, and the socioeconomic impacts of their contributions. Findings show that women are actively involved across the coffee value chain and play roles as significant as men. While many are unpaid, most exercise control over coffee-related income and participate in household decisionmaking. However, challenges persist, including limited access to training, credit, and land ownership. Despite these barriers, community perceptions of women’s contributions are positive, and their involvement is seen as improving family well-being. The study underscores the need for gender-sensitive policies to enhance women’s access to education, training, financial resources, and cooperative networks, thereby fostering more equitable and sustainable coffee production in Timor-Leste.
ANALYSIS OF MARKETING PERFORMANCE OF TOMATO COMMODITY IN TALIMORO VILLAGE, ERMERA SUB-DISTRICT, ERMERA DISTRICT
Talimoro Village, Ermera District, Timor-Leste. Despite favorable agro-climatic conditions, the productivity and efficiency of tomato marketing face various challenges. These include traditional farming practices, pest infestations, limited access to technology, and inefficient marketing chains. A quantitative approach was employed, using surveys, observations, and documentation to collect data from 66 tomato farmers. Statistical analyses revealed that access to modern technology and market information significantly boosted both tomato productivity and profitability. The study recommends improving access to agricultural technology, enhancing market infrastructure, and fostering farmer group collaborations to strengthen the marketing system, along with encouraging the development of processed tomato products for higher added value.
TRAINING FUNCTION TO ENHANCE HUMAN RESOURCES CAPACITY TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF PUBLIC SERVICES
This research aims to analyze the function of training to improve the quality of public services in the ministry, identify factors that influence the effectiveness of human resources training, and provide strategic recommendations for the development of effective and sustainable training programs. Qualitative research methodology is used to examine instruments and analyze problems that cause training that is not contextualized to local realities, lacks adequate evaluation mechanisms, and is not aligned with complex social challenges; this limits the capacity of staff to provide good quality services to the demand for social services including the community, and to manage emergencies and services for vulnerable groups. The finding of this research is to improve the quality of public services in MSSI-RDTL through general training as a mechanism to increase human resource capacity, including aspects of technical skills, attitude (communication, morale, obedience), and public satisfaction. The recommendation of this research is that training must be contextualized in the sense that it must be certain, targeted, sustainable and visionary, systematically monitored and supported by institutional mechanisms (monitoring, evaluation, continuous resources) must be a key element to increase efficiency, effectiveness, skills, attitude and public satisfaction. As the key points of this research, the researcher put forward a more academic thought such as “training is not a cost but an investment in dignity and social justice.
ANALYSIS OF VANILLA PRODUCTION AND SALES IMPACT ON COMMUNITY WELFARE
This study examines the impact of vanilla production and sales on the welfare of the community in Leimeia Sorinbalu Village. Quantitative methods were used with data collected from 78 vanilla farmers and secondary sources such as the Central Statistics Agency and the local Department of Agriculture. The results of the analysis show a positive relationship between increased vanilla production and improved community welfare, particularly in terms of access to education and health services. Increased income from vanilla cultivation has led to improved living standards and life satisfaction among villagers. In addition, this activity has strengthened social engagement and community cooperation. However, important challenges faced by farmers include technical cultivation issues, high market price fluctuations, and limited market access, which still relies on middlemen, thereby reducing farmers' profit margins. External factors such as government policies also greatly affect vanilla prices, which impact the stability of farmers' incomes. The study recommends training in modern cultivation techniques, improving production quality, strengthening marketing networks through farmer cooperatives, and stable pricing policies as strategies to optimize the potential of vanilla agribusiness in a sustainable manner. These findings are expected to serve as a reference for the formulation of agricultural policies and rural economic development based on leading commodities such as vanilla, which contribute significantly to the standard of living of the people of Leimeia Sorinbalu Village
FACTORS INFLUENCING LOCAL FARMERS' INVOLVEMENT IN THE CULTIVATION OF SYZYGIUM AROMATICUM (CLOVE) IN BALIBAR VILLAGE, CRISTO REI POST ADMINISTRATIVE, DILI MUNICIPALITY, TIMOR-LESTE
Clove cultivation (Syzygium aromaticum) is an essential agricultural activity in Timor-Leste, particularly in Balibar Village, Dili District, where it holds significant economic value due to its diverse applications in culinary, medicinal, and cosmetic industries; however, despite favorable agro-climatic conditions, clove farming faces several challenges, such as fluctuating market prices, the impacts of climate change, and the need for more sustainable farming practices, prompting this research to examine the factors influencing local farmers' involvement in clove cultivation and their effect on the sector's sustainability and productivity. The primary objective of the study is to investigate how land area, labor availability, education level, and participation in decision-making processes impact the sustainability and productivity of clove farming in Balibar Village, providing insights into how these factors interact to shape the farming practices and livelihoods of local farmers. The study employed a quantitative research design, incorporating structured surveys, field observations, and semi-structured interviews to collect both qualitative and quantitative data, with a sample of 95 clove farmers from Balibar Village selected using the Slovin formula to ensure representativeness. The collected data were analyzed using multiple linear regression, descriptive statistics, and ANOVA, which allowed for an in-depth examination of the relationships between key factors such as land area, education, labor, and farming productivity. The results revealed that 91.6% of farmers cultivated less than 1 hectare of land, which constrained their production capacity, while larger landholdings were associated with higher yields; additionally, 53.7% of farmers worked full-time in clove farming, and 73.7% had attended agricultural training, yet labor costs remained low, with most workers earning less than $5 per day; furthermore, 80% of farmers processed their clove harvest independently, and 87.4% sold their produce directly to the market, with farmer participation in decision-making significantly higher among those with higher education.