Assessment of Income, Labor Allocation, and Agricultural Practices Across Suco and Aldeiaof Coconut Farmers: A Case Study In The Same Administrative Post, Manufahi Municipality
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3007/ksac1j51Keywords:
Coconut income, Coconut production, Tropical farming, Rural farm income, Farm labor costs, Agricultural income, Land size farmingAbstract
Coconut farming plays a crucial role in the livelihoods of rural communities in tropical regions, where coconut products are a major source of income. Farmers often face challenges related to land size, labour costs, and access to markets, which can significantly impact their productivity and profitability. Understanding these dynamics is essential to improving farming efficiency and income generation. This study aims To assess the impact of production factors (number of coconut trees, production levels) on income among coconut farmers, to evaluate the influence of land area size on income distribution and identify the threshold sizes that provide significant income benefits, to examine the role of labor costs (for cultivation, harvest, and transportation) in relation to income, with a focus on identifying labor investment strategies that maximize income, to analyze the moderating effect of geographic location (Suco and Aldeia) on labor costs and income, to understand any localized influences on economic outcomes. This research was carried out in Manufahi municipality, taking place from January to March 2024. The variables observed in this study are analysing the relationship between land area, labour allocation, and income in coconut farming, to compare labour costs and income distribution across various Suco and Aldeia, to investigate the factors influencing income variability in coconut farming, to assess the impact of regional factors such as pests, diseases, and access to markets on labour and income, and to propose strategies for improving income and farming efficiency in rural communities. Land Area Owned remains strongly correlated with variables such as the Number of Coconut Trees Planted (0.9) and Average Production per year (0.95), reinforcing the idea that larger land areas allow for more trees and higher production, Holarua has a wider range of incomes, spanning from near zero to over $800. The median income is around $300, but there are several outliers, both high and low. This suggests that within Holarua, there is greater income variability, with some farmers earning significantly more than others. In Letefoho, incomes range from close to zero to about $600. The median income is slightly lower than in other Suco, falling below $300. There are a few outliers on the higher end, indicating that while most farmers earn a similar amount, there are some individuals who manage to generate significantly more income. Tutuluro has a more compressed income range, with most farmers earning between $200 and $400. The median income is close to $300, with no extreme outliers. This suggests that income distribution in Tutuluro is fairly uniform, with most farmers earning similar amounts. Wide Variation in Some Suco: Babulo, Dai-Sua, and Holarua exhibit wide ranges of income, with some farmers earning significantly more than others. This suggests that income disparities are greater in these Suco, possibly due to differences in farm size, crop types, or market access.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
License Terms for the International Scientific Journal of UNPAZ Timor-Leste (ISJUTL)
The International Scientific Journal of UNPAZ Timor-Leste (ISJUTL) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal that publishes original research and review articles across various fields of Basic and Applied Science. As an open-access journal, it is essential to understand the licensing terms under which articles are published to ensure compliance and respect for intellectual property rights. This document will outline the key aspects of the licensing terms relevant to authors, readers, and institutions.
Licensing Framework
- Open Access Licensing
ISJUTL adopts an open-access model, allowing unrestricted access to its articles. This model typically involves the use of specific licenses that enable readers to freely access, download, and share published articles while maintaining the authors' rights. The most common licenses used in open-access publishing include:
- Creative Commons (CC) Licenses: These licenses allow authors to retain copyright while granting users certain rights. The specific type of CC license used by ISJUTL will dictate how others can use the published content.
Common Types of Creative Commons Licenses:
- CC BY (Attribution): Allows others to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the work, even commercially, as long as they credit the original creation.
- CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial): Similar to CC BY but restricts use to non-commercial purposes only.
- CC BY-SA (Attribution-ShareAlike): Allows for adaptations of the work, even for commercial purposes, as long as others distribute their contributions under the same license.
- Author Rights
Under the open-access model, authors typically retain significant rights over their work, which may include:
- The right to use their work for teaching, research, and other scholarly purposes.
- The right to share the work on personal or institutional repositories.
- The right to create derivative works (subject to the terms of the chosen license).
- Submission and Publication Terms
Authors submitting to ISJUTL must agree to the journal's submission guidelines and publication terms, which generally include:
- Peer Review Process: All submissions will undergo a rigorous peer review to ensure the quality and relevance of the research.
- Originality: Authors must confirm that their work is original and has not been published elsewhere.
- Ethical Compliance: Authors must adhere to ethical standards in research and publication, including proper citation and acknowledgment of sources.
- Copyright Transfer Agreement
Upon acceptance of an article, authors may be required to sign a copyright transfer agreement. This agreement typically allows the journal to publish and distribute the article under the specified license terms while retaining the authors' rights to share and use their work as outlined above.
Compliance and Best Practices
For Authors
- Understand the License: Authors should carefully review the specific license under which their work will be published to ensure they are comfortable with the permissions granted and restrictions imposed.
- Maintain Records: Keep records of all correspondence with the journal and any agreements signed, as these may be necessary for future reference or disputes.
- Promote Your Work: Utilize personal and institutional repositories to share your work while respecting the license terms.
For Readers
- Respect Licensing Terms: Readers should familiarize themselves with the licensing terms associated with each article. Proper attribution and adherence to the license restrictions are crucial.
- Use Responsibly: When using or sharing articles, ensure that any modifications or adaptations are in compliance with the licensing agreement.
For Institutions
- Support Open Access: Institutions should encourage faculty and researchers to publish in open-access journals, providing necessary resources and guidance on compliance with licensing terms.
- Educate on Rights and Responsibilities: Institutions should provide training and resources regarding copyright, licensing, and ethical publishing practices.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.